tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34433303450764775502024-03-13T11:38:04.040-07:00Distributed Energy StorageHere you will find a unique solution to the problem of energy storage for grid-scale energy production. This method is suitable for intermittent types of energy production (ocean wave, tides, solar, wind) which may produce copious outputs when demand is low.
Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-10471809877530284642018-05-27T22:10:00.003-07:002018-05-27T22:11:09.249-07:00Duration Addition to Electricity Storage (DAYS) from ARPA-EI have revived my efforts toward Distributed Energy Storage, in light of the announcement by the Department of Energy funding announcement, looking at long duration energy storage (see announcement below.<br />
I have a methodology that is worthy of further research. It is a "pumped storage" method of storing energy, but without the geographical constraints (i.e., significant elevation differential). In fact, flat ground creates lower cost construction and maintenance.<br />
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<a href="https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/SubmissionDetailsEdit.aspx?foaId=c931d71c-1e66-4fea-8a27-91860bcd781d" id="ctl00_cphMainContent_FoaDetailListControl_FoaListRepeater_ctl05_FoaTitleHyperLink" name="FoaIdc931d71c-1e66-4fea-8a27-91860bcd781d" style="border: 0px; color: #004063; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.64px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />DE-FOA-0001906: DURATION ADDITION TO ELECTRICITY STORAGE (DAYS)</a></h2>
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The Duration Addition to electricitY Storage (DAYS) program will pursue new long-duration electricity storage (LDES) technologies with discharge durations that range from 10 to approximately 100 hours at rated power. Such “long” durations are beyond the requirements for intra-day (“daily”) energy time shift and many other stationary electricity storage applications common on the grid today. ARPA-E believes durations at rated power of 10 to 100 hours are relevant for needs that go beyond daily cycling but are short of seasonal energy time-shift applications. Long-duration storage applications present new forms of technical challenges associated with exceptionally low lifetime cost requirements (including both capital and operating expenses), particularly for the energy storage media and related components. However, the lower number of cumulative cycles, acceptability of slow ramp rates, and other relaxed performance requirements that are associated with long durations and infrequent cycling provide opportunities for design tradeoffs that may be leveraged to reduce costs and realize economically-viable LDES systems.</div>
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The primary objective of the DAYS program is the development of LDES systems that deliver electricity at a levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of 5 cents/kWh-cycle <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">across the full range of storage durations (i.e. 10 to approximately 100 hours). </em>This requirement results in a target lifetime cost that decreases with increasing storage duration, a marked divergence from many existing storage cost targets that focus on a single duration and thus a single cost metric. The LCOS target of 5 cents/kWh-cycle likely requires system round-trip efficiencies greater than 50%.</div>
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For this focused program, ARPA-E expects chemical, electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical technical approaches to potentially address this problem statement. The DAYS program requires that all proposed storage systems be charged by electricity alone and produce electricity as the sole output.</div>
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If successful, the DAYS program will provide new forms of stationary electricity storage systems that enhance grid resiliency, provide low-cost capacity, support the transmission and distribution infrastructure, enable a greater share of low-cost, intermittent sources of wind and solar in the future generation mix, along with other benefits.</div>
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Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-86020458988899160112016-10-18T08:28:00.003-07:002018-05-27T22:11:15.955-07:00Thermal Storage of Solar EnergyNews comes from Madrid Spain of a method that utilizes silicon to store solar energy as heat. Heated silicon gives off thermal radiation to TPV converters, with no moving parts, that convert one hundred times more output per cell than typical solar cells, allowing for much more dense storage compared to currently-used phase-change salt, and other thermal methods. <br />
<br />
Detail here: http://newatlas.com/cheap-solar-energy-molten-silicon/45833/<br />
<br />
Here is the abstract of the original paper, published in <i>ScienceDirect,</i> by the research team:<br />
<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544216304546<br />
<br />
The Madrid team formed a company, SILSTORE, to commercialize the process.Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-51095933833257604132016-10-18T08:28:00.002-07:002016-10-18T08:44:10.988-07:00Thermal Storage of Solar EnergyNews comes from Madrid Spain of a method that utilizes silicon to store solar energy as heat. Heated silicon gives off thermal radiation to TPV converters, with no moving parts, that convert one hundred times more output per cell than typical solar cells, allowing for much more dense storage compared to currently-used phase-change salt, and other thermal methods. <br />
<br />
Detail here: http://newatlas.com/cheap-solar-energy-molten-silicon/45833/<br />
<br />
Here is the abstract of the original paper, published in <i>ScienceDirect,</i> by the research team:<br />
<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544216304546<br />
<br />
The Madrid team formed a company, SILSTORE, to commercialize the process.Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-10809171146261932662016-10-18T08:28:00.001-07:002016-10-18T08:39:28.957-07:00Thermal Storage of Solar EnergyNews comes from Madrid Spain of a method that utilizes silicon to store solar energy as heat. Heated silicon gives off thermal radiation to converters, with no moving parts, that convert one hundred times more output per cell than typical solar cells, allowing for much more dense storage compared to phase-change salt, and other methods. <br />
<br />
Detail here: http://newatlas.com/cheap-solar-energy-molten-silicon/45833/<br />
<br />
Here is the abstract of the original paper, published in <i>ScienceDirect,</i> by the research team:<br />
<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544216304546Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-24752541791671301482016-09-30T17:36:00.000-07:002016-09-30T17:36:20.667-07:00ARPA-E Has Extended Submissions into 2017ARPA-E has extended the deadline for concept papers for energy-related projects, to the date of September 2017. This allows me plenty of time to work on my monorail project, as well as gather input from selected universities, for calculations to determine the optimum size of my energy storage device.<br />
The State of California is forging ahead with legislation to enhance power storage, especially for so-called "renewable energy" (I prefer "non-fueled energy generation").Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-42038232328482124472016-08-14T12:02:00.000-07:002016-08-14T12:02:56.969-07:00ARPA-E Funding Proposal Under Development: "Concept Paper" (DE-FOA-0001428)I will be submitting a proposal to receive funding to test this form of energy storage to ARPA-E, under ARPA-E's "IDEAS" FOA (DE-FOA-0001428). For the proposed experimental/prototype build, the parameters will target providing maximum power to a single large household for eight hours (e.g., 56KwH), with the scalable deployment of 100 households per one kilometer of my Ultra-Linear Hydraulic Accumulator (ULHA).<br />
<br />
I already have a FOA control number from ARPA, and am working on the four page (max) "Concept Paper". I will submit it end of August at the latest (deadline is September 28 2016).<br />
<br />
I hope ARPA-E will fund the materials for a 1/100th version of my ULHA system. The beauty of the ULHA system is that, unlike battery builds, there is relatively little in the way of new production activity that has to be invented. The only constraint is the availability of the hydraulic motors from Artemis, and the availability of 1MW 440v generators. Of course, with my test version, I only need a 7kw generator, and small Artemis motor. Pictures of "The Build" will also help anyone following this idea to better understand how it works, as well as realize the actual $/kwh storage costs.<br />
<br />
Still working on the USPTO filing for the "ULHA". I am sorry if you wish to follow the advanced version of this idea, but since the USPTO is now "first to file" rather than "first to invent" I do not wish to be overtaken by some other entity which does not really believe in "open source" availability of ideas.Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-22502953545248423762016-07-14T11:59:00.000-07:002016-07-14T11:59:39.418-07:00Advancement of Technique for the Ultra-Linear Hydraulic Accumulator Energy Storage System.People who have examined my "Ultra-Linear Hydraulic Accumulator" (ULHA) design and methodology often have asked if I have applied to the USPTO (patent office) for IP protection. I had not, up to now, because I felt a sense of economic shortfall because of one element to this "flat ground hydro" that is a concern, the cost of hydraulic oil. I did not want to make a provisional patent filing for an unusable idea.<br />
<br />
In my initial workup of this invention, I proposed the use of hydraulic oil in volume. If you extend the ULHA for miles, you cannot help but utilize millions of gallons of oil, and regardless of price, it becomes a factor resulting in a less-economic energy storage device. Hydraulic oil is superior in efficiency in converting a pressurized flow of liquid into rotational power and the generation of electricity, so the substitution of the most economic of all fluids, water, raises its own issues.<br />
<br />
After much musing, I have worked out an economical modification that substitutes water, salty or fresh, for the bulk of storage volume. Yet for the conversion of pressurized fluid into rotational power, I have retained the use of hydraulic fluid and the efficiency of the motors such as Artemis Intelligent Power <span style="background-color: #f4f8f9; color: #555555; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Digital Displacement</span><span style="background: rgb(244, 248, 249); border: 0px; color: #555555; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">®</span><span style="background-color: #f4f8f9; color: #555555; font-family: "Proxima Nova", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;"> Technology</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f4f8f9; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: Proxima Nova, sans-serif;">http://www.artemisip.com/applications/</span></span><br />
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As soon as I file my Provisional Patent Application, I will be posting the details of my work.<br />
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<br />Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-10625899978519410892016-05-25T10:19:00.001-07:002016-05-25T10:19:20.364-07:00As many of you attending Maker Faire might recall, I mentioned the "March 27" date, where the ISO (Independent System Operator) asked solar facilities to "turn off".<br />
<br />
Reproduced here, is an excerpt from that April 11, 2016 NPR article Stephanie Joyce and Lauren Sommer:<br />
==================================================================<br />
<br />
Solar energy records are falling left and right in California these days, as the state steams ahead<br />
toward its ambitious renewable energy goals. But the success of solar has brought about a hidden downside: on some perfectly sunny days, solar farms are being told to turn off. That’s because in the spring and fall, when Californians aren’t using much air conditioning and demand for electricity is low, the surge of midday solar power is more than the state can use. It’s becoming a growing concern for those running the grid at the California Independent System Operator. At their Folsom headquarters, a team continually manages the power supply for most of the state, keeping the lights on for some 30 million people. “It’s constantly solving a constant problem, meaning you’re always trying to balance,” says Nancy Traweek, who directs system operations for the grid.<br />
<br />
<b>Ups and Downs of Renewables</b><br />
<b>On March 27</b>, a sunny day, some solar farms had to shut down because there was more power on<br />
the grid than Californians were using. In the past, balancing California’s electric was fairly straightforward. The power supply was constant, coming from natural gas and nuclear power plants that put out a steady stream of electricity.<br />
<br />
But the growth of solar and wind power has thrown a wild card in the mix. The sun and wind are<br />
much less predictable. “All of a sudden you have a major cloud that comes over a solar field,” Traweek says, and that causes the solar power to drop off.<br />
<br />
“That [power] needs to come from somewhere else immediately,” she says.<br />
<br />
So grid operators have to keep the natural gas plants running in the background. If they’re turned<br />
off, <b>many take four to eight hours start up again</b>.California’s highest demand for electricity also happens right as the sun goes down, when Californians come home from work and lights turn on. Grid operators need natural gas power plants at the ready to meet that peak and to fill the gap that’s left by solar power.<br />
<br />
But add up all those energy sources – solar, wind, natural gas, as well as hydropower, nuclear and<br />
others – and on some days, they’re making more electricity than California needs<br />
<br />
“When it gets really bad, now we really got to start cutting as much as we possibly can,” Traweek<br />
says. “If that’s not done, then you could have a blackout.”<br />
<br />
So, grid operators have to tell solar farms to shut off.<br />
<br />
“That’s zero-carbon, clean energy,” says Keith Casey, a vice president at the California Independent<br />
System Operator. “It would just be a travesty to curtail large amounts of it.”<br />
<br />
Casey says the problem will only get worse as more solar and wind connect to the grid. California<br />
plans to hit 50 percent renewable energy by 2030.<br />
<br />
<b>Joining Grids Across the West</b><br />
California’s grid operator is developing a solution, one that is garnering controversy across state<br />
lines. Right now, California’s grid runs mostly on its own, like an island. But there are power lines reaching across the West.<br />
<br />
“You’re operating your little piece of the system,” Casey says, “but if you can operate it as an<br />
integrated whole, you can just operate the system more efficiently.”<br />
<br />
So, Casey is proposing California join up with its neighbors. Instead of having lots of electric grids<br />
across the West, each doing their own thing, there would be a larger regional grid, sharing power<br />
across state lines.<br />
<br />
When California has too much solar power, neighboring states would buy it, preventing California<br />
from having to switch off the solar farms.<br />
<br />
“It’s a win-win,” Casey says. “We really think we need to seize the most efficient opportunities that<br />
are out there for integrating renewables.”Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-22244034433667812442016-05-23T09:47:00.001-07:002016-05-23T09:47:21.564-07:00<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y2ykcAt2P4Y/V0MuGSk65tI/AAAAAAAAAIU/vmw0PiNWe9An1sVeRl1p0tnrQqbUo3wGgCLcB/s1600/DSCN1699.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y2ykcAt2P4Y/V0MuGSk65tI/AAAAAAAAAIU/vmw0PiNWe9An1sVeRl1p0tnrQqbUo3wGgCLcB/s320/DSCN1699.JPG" width="320" /></a>I want to post the graphic that I showed at Maker Faire, that explains my working concept.<br />
On the right-hand part of the picture, the image shows a full reservoir below the two blue parallel containment walls (heheh...sounds 'nuclear'!) with the leaf spring stack (yellow) arranged in a circular form. These springs are sheets of fiberglass. I am thinking, that perhaps steel (being so cheap with a worldwide glut) might be a significant add-in as a leaf spring. <br />
<br />
As the hydraulic fluid (red) is pumped into the bladder (not visible, too thin for this drawing) by a hydraulic pump (powered by electricity from renewable sources) the bladder assumes the least possible geometric shape, which is a circle, and pushes the containment walls into a circle. Because the containment walls are attached at their uppermost end to the leaf spring stack, the deformation of the containment walls into a circle draws down the leaf spring stack into a flat oval (left image). Energy is stored in the deformed spring stack, rather than by any elastomeric substance (e.g. rubber) or compressing a gas (which is typically the case in most hydraulic accumulators). <br />
<br />
To release energy stored in the spring stack deformation, hydraulic fluid is released from the bladder, and is directed through a hydraulic motor/440v AC generator combination, and back into the no-pressure reservoir.<br />
<br />Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3443330345076477550.post-31897277157394958302016-05-21T21:49:00.000-07:002016-05-21T21:49:53.741-07:00<br />
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Brief Info as Distributed at 2016 Maker Faire</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ultra-Linear
Hydraulic Accumulator</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>What
is a “Hydraulic Accumulator”? </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hydraulic
accumulators have been in use in systems utilizing hydraulic oil to
power equipment for well over one hundred years. It is basically a
reservoir of pressurized oil, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">integrated
into a hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor system to perform
heavy-duty work (think backhoe, and other earth-moving equipment, as
well as oil drilling/oil platform equipment). The accumulator acts
to smooth the oil pressure in the hydraulic system.</span></span></div>
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" 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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">here
are several methods used to pressurize the oil in a hydraulic
accumulator. Most typically, compressed nitrogen gas is used. Note
that springs are used, but all these methods (save the weight loaded
reservoir</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">) </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">have
a problem: power decreases rapidly, if more than 20% of the oil
stored is used.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here is a link to a file published by hydraulics specialist company Hydac description of high-pressure accumulators that use a bladder:</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.hydac.com.au/MessageForceWebsite/Sites/279/Files/E.3.203.3.03.12.pdf</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This gives you some insight into what an "accumulator". Here are two pictures of a large array of accumulators, as well as smaller, varied accumulators:</span></span></div>
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<img alt="Bolenz & Schaefer Accumulator Station" src="http://www.hlhydraulic.com/images/BSD-Accumulators-3.jpg" /> <img alt="Image result for hydraulic accumulator pictures" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTT9OyEZePgZ_qgOMrk0SnrdAGLVOe1jnuZkMZPuAdPFTOLanUF_w" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="line-height: 100%;">What
do you mean by “Ultra-Linear?” </b><span style="line-height: 100%;">Most
hydraulic accumulators are small in size. My proposed device would
be approximately five feet high, three feet wide, and stretch in a
line (not particularly straight, not particularly level) for a
half-mile, or more.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Why
not use “pumped hydro” reservoirs to store renewable energy?
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Unfortunately, constructing two
large reservoirs to </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">c</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ontain
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">the</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
vast amounts of water needed to make an economic system of energy
storage, is constrained by </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">geography
and geology. Useful sites for pumped storage are almost never near
urban centers demanding significant amounts of power. This hydraulic
system could be located in straight line locations, such as along
metropolitan freeway land.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Why
have no hydraulic accumulators heretofore been used to store energy
from wind, solar, tidal, and other renewables? </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Note
the drawing above. Most </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">accumulators
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">use compressed gas, and the
problem with compressed gas is that it heats up, and energy is lost
as the heat diss</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">i</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">pates.
There are very few places where compressed gas is used to store
megawatts of electricity. You have to use springs, or a heavy
weight, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">to avoid Carnot
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Efficiency </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">losses</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Even then, a large volume of oil is required, and converting that
oil under pressure to electricity has been not very efficient </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">up
to now.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>What
has changed? Are there more efficient hydraulic motors now?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Enter Artemis Intelligent
Power (<a href="http://www.artemisip.com/">http://www.artemisip.com/</a>)
By using computer controls, Artemis has achieved 90%+ "Overall Efficiency" (blue line) in converting pressurized oil to rotating power.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.artemisip.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/E-dyn96-efficiency.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="http://www.artemisip.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/E-dyn96-efficiency.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Using a rotating generator
offers the best quality power for a wider set of businesses and
homes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Where
are the springs in your system? </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">I
am using fiberglass springs, which outperform steel </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">springs
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">over time. The latest
Chevrolet Corvettes use a front fiberglass leaf spring in place of
steel, as it gives better performance </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(millions
of cycles before replacement)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and weight savings.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Why
use leaf springs? </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The sheets
of fiberglass, configured as multiple sheets, give a more constant
spring rate if designed correctly. The fiberglass sheet also functions as an
enclosure, protecting against weather, as well as performing to store energy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>What
about individual battery power in homes? (e.g., Tesla Home Battery)
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">It should prove 25% cheaper to
use this “Ultra-Linear” grid-scale system, powering four to five
hundred homes for eight hours, than installing individual battery systems in every
individual household. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">I</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ndependent
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ystem
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">O</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">perator
that distributes utility electricity throughout California</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
could better utilize solar power plants and wind turbine farms if larger entities </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">were
consistently available to absorb excessive renewables generation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>System
Build Comparison </b>Building
lithium batteries requires specialized employees, and high engineering costs, as does the
construction of Pumped Hydro facilities. The Ultra-Linear Hydraulic
Accumulator could be produced anywhere with limited training, and
shipped to urban as well as remote locations (think Western Alaskan
villages) where local residents could be trained to both build the
system as well as maintain its operation.</span></div>
Scott Bergquisthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17597447298563725523noreply@blogger.com0